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Exosomes contribute to the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, offering new avenues for diagnosis and treatment.

Exosomes play vital roles in reproductive processes including gametogenesis, embryo implantation, and maternal-fetal communication, with implications for fertility treatments and pregnancy complications.

Exosomes participate in skin physiology and pathologies including wound healing, psoriasis, and melanoma, offering novel diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in dermatology.

Exosomes play critical roles in metabolic regulation and pathology, impacting diabetes, obesity, and related disorders. Their utility as biomarkers and therapeutic agents is increasingly recognized.

Exosomes modulate immune responses and contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Their role as biomarkers and therapeutic agents is emerging in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Stem cell-derived exosomes mediate regenerative processes by transferring bioactive molecules that promote tissue repair and modulate immune responses, offering cell-free therapeutic strategies.

Exosomes mediate host-pathogen interactions and show potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic vectors in infectious diseases, including viral infections like COVID-19 and HIV.

Exosomes play critical roles in cardiovascular diseases by mediating intercellular communication in cardiac remodeling, inflammation, and repair, representing novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers.

Exosomes are emerging as valuable biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Their role in early diagnosis and disease monitoring offers new horizons for clinical management.

In recent years, exosomes have garnered increasing attention in the field of oncology—not only as diagnostic biomarkers but also as therapeutic agents. These nanoscale extracellular vesicles are now viewed as promising mediators of intercellular communication that can modulate immune responses, promote tumor progression, or even function as drug delivery vehicles.

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In the ongoing quest for early, accurate, and rapid cancer diagnosis, exosomes have emerged as promising biomarkers. Their high stability, broad origin, and rich biological cargo make them ideal candidates for early cancer screening. This article explores the fundamental characteristics of exosomes, their current applications in oncology, clinical prospects, and challenges.